What do fixed costs represent in cost behavior?

Fixed costs represent the type of expenses that do not change with the level of production or output within a certain range. This means that regardless of whether a company produces more or less of its goods or services, these costs remain constant over time. Examples of fixed costs include rent, salaries of permanent staff, and depreciation on equipment.

By understanding fixed costs, businesses can better manage their budgets and forecast their financial performance since these costs will consistently be incurred regardless of sales activity or production levels. This concept is crucial for decision-making, particularly in budgeting and planning, as it helps businesses distinguish between costs that can be controlled and those that cannot.

The other options describe different cost behaviors: variable costs fluctuate with output levels, while direct material costs are explicitly tied to the production of goods and therefore can vary based on volume.